਀㰀琀椀琀氀攀㸀䄀甀琀漀戀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀      匀琀愀渀昀漀爀搀 䴀漀漀爀攀     ⸀ 吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀  ਀ 㰀䴀䔀吀䄀 栀琀琀瀀ⴀ攀焀甀椀瘀㴀䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀ⴀ匀琀礀氀攀ⴀ吀礀瀀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀㴀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀㸀㰀䰀䤀一䬀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀猀琀礀氀攀⸀挀猀猀∀ 琀礀瀀攀㴀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀 爀攀氀㴀猀琀礀氀攀猀栀攀攀琀㸀 ਀㰀戀漀搀礀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀眀栀椀琀攀 氀攀昀琀洀愀爀最椀渀㴀㜀 㸀 ਀ ਀㰀栀㈀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 ਀㰀栀㌀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀匀琀愀渀昀漀爀搀 䴀漀漀爀攀㰀⼀栀㌀㸀㰀栀㐀㸀

਀䄀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀 椀猀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 攀渀琀攀爀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 漀昀 愀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀琀 洀椀最栀琀 甀渀搀攀爀最漀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀 挀栀愀渀最攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 琀栀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 椀猀 爀攀猀琀漀爀攀搀 琀漀 椀琀猀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 昀漀爀洀攀搀⸀ 䌀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 爀攀搀甀挀攀 琀栀攀 䔀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 䄀挀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 愀琀 愀 氀漀眀攀爀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀⸀ ⠀䘀椀最 ㄀⤀  ਀㰀椀洀最 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀爀挀㴀∀㈀⸀最椀昀∀㸀 ਀䘀椀最甀爀攀 ㄀ ਀䤀渀 猀漀洀攀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 椀昀 椀琀 眀攀爀攀渀✀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 漀挀挀甀爀 猀漀 猀氀漀眀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 昀攀愀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 愀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀昀 瘀椀攀眀 琀栀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 愀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 琀漀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 漀渀攀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀礀 搀漀 挀漀氀氀椀搀攀 琀栀攀礀 眀椀氀氀 搀漀 猀漀 洀甀挀栀 洀漀爀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 琀眀漀 欀椀渀搀猀 漀昀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀㨀 

਀䠀攀琀攀爀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀  ਀䠀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀  ਀䠀攀琀攀爀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 䌀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 ਀䠀攀琀攀爀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 愀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀礀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 瘀攀爀礀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀⸀ 䴀愀渀礀 洀攀琀愀氀猀 猀攀爀瘀攀 愀猀 栀攀琀攀爀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 愀渀 椀渀琀攀爀昀愀挀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 䠀礀搀爀漀最攀渀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 搀漀甀戀氀攀 戀漀渀搀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 挀愀爀戀漀渀猀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 琀眀漀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 愀琀漀洀猀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀 琀栀攀 倀椀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 挀愀爀戀漀渀猀 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 愀琀琀愀挀栀 琀栀攀猀攀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 愀琀漀洀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 愀琀漀洀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀椀ⴀ愀琀漀洀椀挀 䠀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀猀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 漀昀 愀 洀攀琀愀氀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 倀氀愀琀椀渀甀洀Ⰰ 一椀挀欀攀氀Ⰰ 漀爀 倀愀氀愀搀椀甀洀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 戀漀渀搀攀搀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 搀漀攀猀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀椀渀最氀攀 戀漀渀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 䠀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 愀琀漀洀猀 椀猀 戀爀漀欀攀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀 椀猀 琀栀攀 倀椀 戀漀渀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 挀愀爀戀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 戀爀漀欀攀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 䠀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 愀琀漀洀猀 琀栀攀渀 昀漀爀洀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 戀漀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 椀琀猀 猀椀渀最氀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 愀渀搀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 倀椀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 倀椀 戀漀渀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 愀琀漀洀猀⸀ 伀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 䠀礀搀爀漀最攀渀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 搀椀猀攀渀最愀最攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 漀渀氀礀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 昀爀攀猀栀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 琀愀欀攀 椀琀猀 瀀氀愀挀攀 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀琀愀氀⸀ 䠀攀琀攀爀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 愀爀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 爀甀氀攀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 愀猀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 愀猀 栀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀⸀  ਀䠀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 䌀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 ਀䠀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 愀爀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 昀漀爀洀 愀 甀渀椀昀漀爀洀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀 愀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀⸀ 䈀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 搀椀猀瀀攀爀猀攀搀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 愀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 愀爀攀愀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀 椀猀 洀愀砀椀洀椀稀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 琀攀渀搀 琀漀 戀攀 洀漀爀攀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 椀渀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 愀 氀漀眀攀爀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀⸀ 䔀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 栀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 愀渀礀 瀀爀漀琀椀挀 愀挀椀搀⸀ 䄀 瀀爀漀琀椀挀 愀挀椀搀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀渀 愀挀椀搀 琀栀愀琀 搀漀渀愀琀攀猀 䠀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 椀漀渀猀⠀瀀爀漀琀漀渀猀⤀⸀ 匀甀氀昀甀爀椀挀 䄀挀椀搀Ⰰ 䠀㈀匀伀㐀Ⰰ 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀攀 搀攀栀礀搀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀猀 ⠀椀攀㨀氀漀猀猀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀⤀ 琀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 戀漀渀搀攀搀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀氀欀攀渀攀猀⸀ 倀栀漀猀瀀栀漀爀椀挀 䄀挀椀搀Ⰰ 䠀㌀倀伀㐀Ⰰ 挀愀渀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀攀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 攀猀琀攀爀猀 戀礀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀戀椀渀椀渀最 漀昀 愀渀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀 愀渀搀 愀 挀愀爀戀漀砀礀氀椀挀 愀挀椀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 猀瀀氀椀琀琀椀渀最 漀甀琀 愀 眀愀琀攀爀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 昀爀漀洀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀⸀  ਀䄀瀀爀漀琀椀挀 愀挀椀搀猀 愀氀猀漀 猀攀爀瘀攀 愀猀 栀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀⸀ 䄀渀 愀瀀爀漀琀椀挀 愀挀椀搀 椀猀 愀渀 愀挀椀搀 琀栀愀琀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀猀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀 䰀攀眀椀猀 愀挀椀搀⸀ 䄀瀀爀漀琀椀挀 愀挀椀搀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䄀氀䌀氀㌀ 挀愀渀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀攀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 愀琀漀洀 漀渀 愀 䈀攀渀稀攀渀攀 爀椀渀最 椀猀 爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀搀 戀礀 愀 栀礀搀爀漀挀愀爀戀漀渀 最爀漀甀瀀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 愀 洀攀琀栀礀氀 最爀漀甀瀀Ⰰⴀ䌀䠀㌀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 猀愀洀攀 愀瀀爀漀琀椀挀 愀挀椀搀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 椀渀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䌀栀氀漀爀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀渀 愀氀欀攀渀攀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 愀 搀椀ⴀ挀栀氀漀爀漀 愀氀欀愀渀攀⸀  ਀倀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 愀洀愀稀椀渀最 愀渀搀 椀渀挀爀攀搀愀戀氀礀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 栀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀欀攀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀⸀ 䔀渀稀礀洀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 愀洀愀稀椀渀最 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀挀礀 昀愀爀 漀甀琀猀琀爀椀瀀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 栀攀琀攀爀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀猀⸀ 伀渀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 ㄀   ⴀ㄀ Ⰰ    漀爀 甀瀀 琀漀 愀猀 洀愀渀礀 愀猀 漀渀攀 洀椀氀氀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀⸀ 刀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 爀愀琀攀猀 挀愀渀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 戀礀 ㄀ 㠀 琀漀 ㄀ ㄀㄀ 琀椀洀攀猀 昀愀猀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 甀渀挀愀琀愀氀礀稀攀搀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 愀渀 甀渀挀愀渀渀礀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀椀琀礀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 椀猀 爀愀爀攀 昀漀爀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 琀漀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀攀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 漀渀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 

਀䠀漀眀 搀漀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀攀 愀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀㼀 ਀䰀漀挀欀 愀渀搀 䬀攀礀 䴀漀搀攀氀 漀昀 䔀渀稀礀洀攀 䄀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 ਀䔀渀稀礀洀攀猀 愀爀攀 洀愀搀攀 甀瀀 漀昀 愀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 瀀愀爀琀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀瀀漀攀渀稀礀洀攀 愀渀搀 愀 渀漀渀ⴀ瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 瀀愀爀琀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 倀爀漀猀琀栀攀琀椀挀 最爀漀甀瀀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 洀漀搀攀氀 琀栀愀琀 猀攀攀欀猀 琀漀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 栀漀眀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀挀栀 愀 栀椀最栀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀挀礀 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀椀琀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 洀漀搀攀氀 眀愀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 ∀氀漀挀欀 愀渀搀 欀攀礀∀ 洀漀搀攀氀 漀昀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 洀漀搀攀氀 琀栀攀 愀瀀漀攀渀稀礀洀攀 栀愀猀 漀渀攀 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 挀愀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 洀愀挀爀漀ⴀ洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀渀 戀椀渀搀 愀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀愀瘀椀琀礀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 挀愀瘀椀琀礀 漀爀 椀渀搀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 ∀愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀∀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 洀漀搀攀氀Ⰰ 漀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀猀琀攀琀椀挀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀渀搀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 愀 䌀漀ⴀ昀愀挀琀漀爀 洀攀琀愀氀 椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀渀搀 戀爀攀愀欀椀渀最 愀渀搀 戀漀渀搀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 挀愀渀 戀攀最椀渀⸀ 伀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 昀漀爀洀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 搀椀猀攀渀最愀最攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀攀搀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 洀漀搀攀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀栀愀瀀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀琀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 氀椀欀攀 愀 欀攀礀 椀猀 挀漀洀瀀愀琀椀戀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 氀漀挀欀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 甀渀甀猀甀愀氀 栀椀最栀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 挀愀瀀愀戀氀攀 漀昀 漀渀氀礀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀椀渀最 漀渀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀昀 琀栀攀 眀爀漀渀最 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 琀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 昀椀琀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 昀椀琀 ⠀眀爀漀渀最 欀攀礀⤀ 愀渀搀 猀漀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀攀 椀琀猀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 琀漀 猀漀洀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀⸀ 䤀昀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 椀猀 猀琀爀攀琀挀栀攀搀 漀爀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀渀 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 眀椀氀氀 渀漀琀 昀椀琀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀琀漀爀琀攀搀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀椀猀 洀漀搀攀氀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 眀栀礀 猀漀洀攀 戀漀最甀猀 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 挀愀渀 ∀昀漀漀氀∀ 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀椀渀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀 戀漀最甀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 琀栀椀渀最⸀ 吀栀攀 戀漀最甀猀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 昀椀琀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 攀砀愀挀琀 猀愀洀攀 猀椀稀攀 愀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 琀栀椀渀最⸀ 伀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 戀漀最甀猀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 椀猀 椀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀 椀琀 樀甀猀琀 猀椀琀猀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀渀搀 戀氀漀挀欀猀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀猀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 搀漀椀渀最 椀琀猀 樀漀戀 愀渀搀 椀猀 爀攀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 愀猀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 戀氀漀挀欀椀渀最⸀ 

਀䤀渀搀甀挀攀搀 䘀椀琀 䴀漀搀攀氀 ⠀漀爀 䠀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 䜀氀漀瘀攀⤀ 漀昀 䔀渀稀礀洀攀 䄀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 ਀吀栀攀 䤀渀搀甀挀攀搀 䘀椀琀 洀漀搀攀氀 椀猀 愀 洀漀搀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀漀挀欀 愀渀搀 欀攀礀 洀漀搀攀氀⸀ 䤀渀猀琀攀愀搀 漀昀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 爀椀搀最攀搀 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 漀渀氀礀 昀椀琀 椀渀琀漀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀Ⰰ 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 愀渀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀渀 猀琀爀攀琀挀栀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 愀 爀愀渀最攀 漀昀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 猀栀愀瀀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 愀渀愀氀漀最漀甀猀 琀漀 栀漀眀 最氀漀瘀攀猀 猀琀爀攀琀挀栀 琀漀 昀椀琀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 漀渀攀 猀椀稀攀 栀愀渀搀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 洀漀搀攀氀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀猀 洀漀爀攀 愀搀攀焀甀愀琀攀氀礀 栀漀眀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 戀氀漀挀欀攀爀猀 挀愀渀 戀氀漀挀欀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 愀渀搀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀⸀ 

਀吀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 䔀渀稀礀洀攀 䤀渀栀椀戀椀琀漀爀猀 ਀吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 琀眀漀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀漀爀猀㨀  ਀䌀漀洀瀀攀琀椀琀椀瘀攀 䤀渀栀椀戀椀琀漀爀猀ⴀ 吀栀攀猀攀 愀爀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 戀氀漀挀欀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 ∀挀漀洀瀀攀琀攀∀ 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 氀漀挀欀攀搀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀⸀  ਀一漀渀ⴀ挀漀洀瀀攀琀椀琀椀瘀攀 䤀渀栀椀戀椀琀漀爀猀ⴀ 吀栀攀猀攀 愀爀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀琀琀愀挀栀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 琀漀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀愀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀瀀漀攀渀稀礀洀攀 愀眀愀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀漀爀 戀漀渀搀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 愀氀琀攀爀猀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀瀀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀栀愀瀀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 椀猀 愀氀琀攀爀攀搀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 眀椀氀氀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 愀 氀攀最椀琀椀洀愀琀攀 猀甀戀猀琀爀愀琀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀⸀  ਀䘀愀挀琀漀爀猀 䄀昀昀攀挀琀椀渀最 吀栀攀 䔀渀稀礀洀攀 䄀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 ਀吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 昀愀挀琀漀爀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 愀氀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀渀 攀渀稀礀洀攀⸀  ਀吀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀ⴀ 䔀瘀攀爀礀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 栀愀猀 愀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 爀愀渀最攀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 挀愀渀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀椀渀⸀ 唀猀甀愀氀氀礀 漀渀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀愀琀 爀愀渀最攀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 栀愀猀 氀漀眀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀⸀一攀愀爀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀愀渀最攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 琀漀 愀 洀愀砀椀洀甀洀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 漀瀀琀椀洀甀洀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀⸀ 伀甀琀猀椀搀攀 琀栀愀琀 爀愀渀最攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 挀攀愀猀攀猀 琀漀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 愀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 爀愀渀最攀 漀昀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀猀 漀昀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀甀洀愀渀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀 椀猀 ㄀ ⴀ㔀  搀攀最爀攀攀猀 䌀攀氀猀椀甀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 漀瀀琀椀洀甀洀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 ㌀㜀 䌀⸀ 䤀昀 愀 栀甀洀愀渀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 栀礀瀀漀琀栀攀爀洀椀挀 眀椀琀栀 愀 愀戀渀漀爀洀愀氀氀礀 氀漀眀 戀漀搀礀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 挀攀愀猀攀 琀漀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 戀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 挀攀氀氀猀 戀攀最椀渀 琀漀 猀栀甀琀 搀漀眀渀⸀ 䤀昀 琀栀攀 栀甀洀愀渀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 栀礀瀀攀爀琀栀攀爀洀椀挀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 愀戀渀漀爀洀愀氀氀礀 栀椀最栀 戀漀搀礀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 搀爀漀瀀猀 爀愀瀀椀搀氀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀攀氀氀猀 戀攀最椀渀 琀漀 猀栀甀琀 搀漀眀渀 漀渀挀攀 愀最愀椀渀⸀ 䤀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 最攀琀猀 琀漀漀 昀愀爀 愀眀愀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 漀瀀琀椀洀甀洀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 洀愀礀 挀攀愀猀攀 琀漀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀琀 眀栀愀琀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 琀栀椀猀 漀挀挀甀爀猀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀猀 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀⸀ 䔀瘀攀爀礀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 栀愀猀 琀栀攀爀攀 漀眀渀 琀漀氀攀爀愀渀挀攀猀 漀昀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 瘀愀爀椀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 圀栀愀琀 眀攀 搀漀 椀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 搀攀愀氀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀琀愀琀椀猀琀椀挀愀氀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 渀漀渀ⴀ攀砀椀猀琀攀渀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀愀欀攀猀 椀渀 洀漀猀琀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀猀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀猀 椀渀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 戀攀最椀渀猀 猀栀甀琀琀椀渀最 搀漀眀渀 渀漀渀ⴀ攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 琀漀 氀椀昀攀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 最漀攀猀 椀渀琀漀 愀 挀漀洀愀⸀ 䌀漀洀椀渀最 漀甀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀洀愀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀猀 戀甀琀 渀漀琀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 漀渀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀⸀ 䠀椀最栀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 戀礀 搀攀渀愀琀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 攀渀稀礀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 眀椀氀氀 挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 猀栀愀瀀攀 琀漀 戀攀 猀漀 搀椀猀琀漀爀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 椀猀 搀椀猀琀漀爀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀漀椀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀爀琀攀 椀猀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀⸀ 

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਀䠀漀眀 搀漀 琀漀砀椀渀猀 眀漀爀欀㼀 ਀匀漀洀攀 琀漀砀椀渀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 栀攀愀瘀礀 洀攀琀愀氀猀 氀椀欀攀 䴀攀爀挀甀爀礀Ⰰ䰀攀愀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀爀愀渀猀椀琀椀漀渀 洀攀琀愀氀猀 眀椀氀氀 搀攀渀愀琀甀爀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 挀愀甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 戀攀 瀀爀攀挀椀瀀椀琀愀琀攀搀 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 洀攀琀愀氀⸀ 䤀渀 洀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀漀砀椀渀猀 琀栀攀 愀渀琀椀搀漀琀攀 椀猀 琀漀 椀渀最攀猀琀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 瀀爀攀挀椀瀀椀琀愀攀 琀栀攀 洀攀琀愀氀猀 氀椀欀攀 Ⰰ 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 搀爀椀渀欀椀渀最 洀椀氀欀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀椀氀欀 挀愀猀攀椀渀 眀椀氀氀 瀀爀攀挀椀瀀椀琀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 洀攀琀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 愀氀氀漀眀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 戀攀 瘀漀洀椀琀攀搀 漀爀 瀀愀猀猀攀搀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 眀愀礀⸀ 伀琀栀攀爀 琀漀砀椀渀猀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 戀氀漀挀欀攀爀猀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀椀渀最 愀渀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 挀愀琀愀氀礀稀椀渀最 愀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 戀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 䌀礀愀渀椀搀攀 椀猀 愀 琀漀砀椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀椀氀氀 戀氀漀挀欀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀猀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 挀礀琀漀挀栀漀洀愀猀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 挀攀氀氀甀氀愀爀 爀攀猀瀀椀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀氀漀挀欀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 挀礀愀渀椀搀攀 琀栀攀渀 挀攀氀氀猀 搀椀攀 漀昀 愀猀瀀栀椀砀椀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀愀渀礀 椀渀猀攀挀琀椀挀椀搀攀猀 愀渀搀 瀀攀猀琀椀挀椀搀攀猀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 漀昀 戀氀漀挀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀猀 漀昀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 愀渀 椀渀猀攀挀琀 漀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 愀昀昀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 最爀漀眀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀 漀爀 琀栀攀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 渀攀爀瘀漀甀猀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀 猀栀甀琀琀椀渀最 椀琀 搀漀眀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 洀愀渀礀 猀甀挀栀 瀀攀猀琀椀挀椀搀攀猀 愀渀搀 栀攀爀戀愀挀椀搀攀猀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 戀攀 栀愀爀洀昀甀氀 琀漀 栀甀洀愀渀猀 椀昀 椀渀最攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀Ⰰ 渀漀猀攀 漀爀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 挀愀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 瀀漀爀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀欀椀渀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 琀漀砀椀渀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 渀攀甀爀漀琀漀砀椀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀昀昀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 渀攀甀爀漀洀甀猀挀甀氀愀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 戀氀漀挀欀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀琀攀 漀昀 愀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀甀爀漀洀甀猀挀甀氀愀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀挀攀琀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 攀猀琀攀爀愀猀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 椀猀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 栀礀搀爀漀氀礀稀椀渀最 愀挀攀琀礀氀 挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 愀猀 愀渀 攀猀琀攀爀 愀昀琀攀爀 椀琀 眀愀猀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 椀渀椀琀椀愀琀攀 洀甀猀挀甀氀愀爀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀椀渀最 愀挀攀琀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 椀猀 渀漀琀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀攀搀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀椀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀挀攀琀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 攀猀琀攀爀愀猀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 洀甀猀挀氀攀猀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 琀漀 愀 爀攀氀愀砀攀搀 猀琀愀琀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀漀甀氀搀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 椀渀 瀀愀爀愀氀礀猀椀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀爀琀 戀攀愀琀Ⰰ 爀攀猀瀀椀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀氀攀搀 椀渀瘀漀氀甀渀琀愀爀椀氀礀 戀礀 琀栀攀 渀攀甀爀漀洀甀猀挀甀氀愀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 䴀愀猀猀椀瘀攀 搀漀猀攀猀 漀昀 渀攀甀爀漀琀漀砀椀渀猀 眀椀氀氀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀瀀椀爀愀琀漀爀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 渀甀爀漀洀甀猀挀甀氀愀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀搀椀漀瘀愀猀挀甀氀愀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 戀攀椀渀最 瀀愀爀愀氀礀稀攀搀 愀渀搀 搀攀愀琀栀 漀挀挀甀爀椀渀最 爀愀瀀椀搀氀礀⸀  ਀䔀渀稀礀洀攀 䤀渀栀椀戀椀琀椀漀渀 䄀渀搀 䌀栀攀洀漀琀栀攀爀愀瀀礀 ਀䰀攀猀琀 䤀 氀攀愀瘀攀 礀漀甀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 愀氀氀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀椀漀渀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 椀渀 戀愀搀 琀栀椀渀最猀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 氀攀琀 洀攀 挀椀琀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀攀猀 椀渀 挀栀攀洀漀琀栀攀爀愀瀀甀琀椀挀 琀爀攀愀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 挀愀渀挀攀爀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 猀栀漀眀渀 攀愀爀椀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 琀栀愀琀 愀渀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 戀愀猀攀 搀攀爀椀瘀愀琀椀瘀攀 㔀ⴀ昀氀甀爀漀 甀爀愀挀椀氀 眀愀猀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 愀爀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 最爀漀眀琀栀 漀昀 挀愀渀挀攀爀 挀攀氀氀猀 戀礀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀椀渀最 愀渀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀稀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䐀一䄀 漀昀 挀愀渀挀攀爀 挀攀氀氀猀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 洀愀渀礀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀挀栀 愀最攀渀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀 昀愀爀 琀漀漀 洀愀渀礀 挀愀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 愀最攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 欀椀氀氀猀 挀愀渀挀攀爀 挀攀氀氀猀 眀椀氀氀 椀渀搀椀猀挀爀椀洀椀渀愀琀攀氀礀 欀椀氀氀 渀漀爀洀愀氀 挀攀氀氀猀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀猀 瀀爀漀挀攀攀搀椀渀最 椀渀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀椀渀最 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 琀栀攀 渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀搀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 椀渀 甀猀椀渀最 猀甀挀栀 挀栀攀洀漀琀栀攀爀愀瀀攀甀琀椀挀 愀最攀渀琀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 渀愀甀猀椀愀Ⰰ 氀漀猀猀 漀昀 栀愀椀爀Ⰰ猀欀椀渀 氀攀猀猀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀漀猀猀 漀昀 愀瀀攀琀椀琀攀⸀ 䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 渀攀眀 搀爀甀最猀 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 搀椀猀挀爀椀洀椀渀愀琀椀渀最 漀渀 欀椀氀氀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀愀渀挀攀爀 挀攀氀氀猀 氀攀愀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 渀漀爀洀愀氀 挀攀氀氀猀 椀渀琀愀挀琀⸀ 䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 洀甀猀挀氀攀 爀攀氀愀砀愀渀琀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 猀甀挀挀椀渀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 愀挀琀 愀猀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 昀漀爀 愀挀攀琀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 椀渀 戀椀渀搀椀渀最 琀漀 洀甀猀挀氀攀 爀攀挀攀瀀琀漀爀 猀椀琀攀猀⸀ 匀甀挀挀椀渀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 挀愀甀猀攀猀 洀甀猀挀氀攀 爀攀氀愀砀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀猀琀攀愀搀 漀昀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 愀挀攀琀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 攀猀琀攀爀愀猀攀 挀愀渀✀琀 栀礀搀爀漀氀礀稀攀 琀栀攀 匀甀挀挀椀渀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀 愀猀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀氀礀 愀猀 愀挀攀琀礀氀挀栀漀氀椀渀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀甀猀挀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 椀渀 愀 爀攀氀愀砀攀搀 猀琀愀琀攀 氀漀渀最攀爀⸀ ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀匀琀愀渀昀漀爀搀 䴀漀漀爀攀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㌀ 椀渀 䌀栀椀挀愀最漀Ⰰ 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 最爀攀眀 甀瀀 椀渀 一愀猀栀瘀椀氀氀攀Ⰰ  Tennessee, where his father was a member of the faculty of the School of Law of Vanderbilt University. His developmental years were in a home environment which made the pursuit of knowledge an eagerly adopted undertaking. He had the opportunity to attend a high school administered by the George Peabody College for Teachers in Nashville. A skilled teacher of science, R.O. Beauchamp, kindled an interest in chemistry. Moore entered Vanderbilt University undecided between a career in chemistry or aeronautical engineering. The courses which he took in the engineering school presaged a concern for instrumentation. But a gifted professor of organic chemistry, Arthur Ingersoll, succeeded in presenting the study of molecular architecture as an even more appealing discipline. Moore graduated from Vanderbilt (B.A. 1935, summa cum laude ) with a major in chemistry. The faculty recommended him for a Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Fellowship which took him to the University of Wisconsin where he received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1938.਀㰀瀀㸀 His thesis research was in biochemistry in the laboratory of Karl Paul Link. The first lessons that the young graduate student received from the skilled hands of his professor were in the microanalytical methods of Pregl for the determination of C, H, and N; Link had recently returned from Europe where he had studied in the laboratory of Fritz Pregl in Graz. This training from Link in microchemistry was especially valuable for a student who was later to be concerned with the quantitative analysis of proteins. Moore's thesis was on the characterization of carbohydrates as benzimidazole derivatives. The experience of bringing that work from the bench to the printed page under Link's guidance marked Moore's transition from a student to a productive scholar.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Karl Paul Link was a friend of Max Bergmann, who had recently arrived from Germany to lead a laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. Through that friendship, Moore was encouraged to join the Bergmann Laboratory in 1939, which was an internationally renowned center of research on the chemistry of proteins and enzymes. During Emil Fischer's last years Max Bergmann had been his senior research associate, and Bergmann had attracted to Rockefeller a group of versatile chemists who maintained a tradition of innovative research and high productivity. After nearly three valuable years in such company, which included William H. Stein, the advent of World War II drew Moore out of the laboratory to serve as a junior administrative officer in Washington for academic and industrial chemical projects administered by the Office of Scientific Research Development. At the close of the war, he was on duty with the Operational Research Section attached to the Headquarters of the United States Armed Forces in the Pacific Ocean Area, Hawaii.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 During the war years, the situation at the Rockefeller Institute had changed. The untimely death of Max Bergmann in 1944 had brought to a close the major chapter in biochemistry which the contributions of his laboratory comprised. Moore's decision to return to Rockefeller was influenced by Herbert Gasser, then the Director of The Rockefeller Institute, who offered to give modest space to Moore and Stein to pursue the theme of research which they had begun with Bergmann or any new lines of investigation that appealed to them. Thus began the collaboration that led to the development of quantitative chromatographic methods for amino acid analysis, their automation, and the utilization of such techniques, in cooperation with younger associates, in the researches in protein chemistry summarized in the Nobel Lecture by Moore and Stein.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The investigations were conducted in an atmosphere at Rockefeller that encouraged interdepartmental cooperation and international consultation that would expedite research. Interludes included Moore's tenure of the Francqui Chair at the University of Brussels in 1950, where, at the generous invitation of E.J. Bigwood, a laboratory of amino acid analysis was organized in the School of Medicine. Moore had the opportunity to round out the year in Europe with six months in England at the University of Cambridge where he shared part of a laboratory with Frederick Sanger during the time of the pioneering studies on insulin. In 1968, Moore was a Visiting Professor of Health Sciences at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Memberships and Activities਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 䈀椀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 ⠀吀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀㘀ⴀ㔀㤀㬀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀椀愀氀 䈀漀愀爀搀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀 ⴀ㘀 㬀 倀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㘀⤀Ⰰ 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 栀漀渀⸀ 洀攀洀戀攀爀 䈀攀氀最椀愀渀 䈀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 昀漀爀攀椀最渀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀渀琀 䈀攀氀最椀愀渀 刀漀礀愀氀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 䴀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀Ⰰ 䈀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 ⠀䜀爀攀愀琀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀⤀Ⰰ 唀⸀匀⸀ 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀 ⠀䌀栀愀椀爀洀愀渀Ⰰ 匀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䈀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀 ⤀Ⰰ 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 䄀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 䠀愀爀瘀攀礀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 䌀栀愀椀爀洀愀渀 漀昀 倀愀渀攀氀 漀渀 倀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀 漀渀 䜀爀漀眀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 ⠀㄀㤀㐀㜀ⴀ㐀㤀⤀Ⰰ 匀攀挀爀攀琀愀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀洀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 漀渀 倀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 唀渀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 䄀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 ⠀㄀㤀㔀㌀ⴀ㔀㜀⤀Ⰰ 䌀栀愀椀爀洀愀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀爀最愀渀椀稀椀渀最 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 匀椀砀琀栀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 漀昀 䈀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 ⠀㄀㤀㘀㐀⤀Ⰰ 倀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䘀攀搀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 匀漀挀椀攀琀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 䔀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 䈀椀漀氀漀最礀 ⠀㄀㤀㜀 ⤀⸀

਀䠀漀渀漀爀猀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Docteur honoris causa from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Brussels (1954) and from the University of Paris (1964). Award shared with William H. Stein: American Chemical Society Award in Chromatography and Electrophoresis, 1964; Richards Medal of the American Chemical Society, 1972; Linderstrom-Lang Medal, Copenhagen, 1972.਀ ਀

਀䈀愀渀焀甀攀琀 匀瀀攀攀挀栀

Stanford Moore's speech at the Nobel Banquet in Stockholm, December 10, 1972਀ Mr. Prime Minister, Ladies and Gentlemen,਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Christian B. Anfinsen, William H. Stein, and I have the honor of co-authoring the response of three chemists to your toast on this memorable occasion.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 This ceremony and the intellectual aura associated with the Nobel Prizes have grown from the wisdom of a practical chemist who wrote a remarkable will. In dedicating his estate to the honoring of endeavors that benefit mankind, Alfred Nobel expressed a lifelong concern that is even more timely in 1972 than it was in his lifetime. Over the years, two of the fields, which he named Chemistry and Medicine, have grown closer in their pursuit of the progress which he envisioned. The interrelationship of the awards that your Committees have made this year in Physiology or Medicine and in Chemistry illustrates the mutual reinforcement among disciplines that is increasing man's understanding of man. Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter and we have studied the properties of proteins from different approaches. Man's health and well-being depends upon, among many things, the proper functioning of the myriad proteins that participate in the intricate synergisms of living systems.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 And in stimulating progress in the broadest terms, Dr. Nobel had the vision to stress the international role of research. We find that one of the most rewarding features of being scientists these days as Professor von Euler mentioned in his opening address this afternoon, is the common bond which the search for truth provides to scholars of many tongues and many heritages. In the long run, that spirit will inevitably have a constructive effect on the benefits which man can derive from knowledge of himself and his environment.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The Nobel Prizes focus world-wide attention on these goals in a vigorous yet intellectual style that is a credit to the Swedish scientists and administrators who host these ceremonies on December 10th in Stockholm. All three of the scientists in Chemistry welcome, with deep respect and enjoyment, the opportunity to share the honors today.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀㰀⼀栀㐀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀  㰀猀琀爀漀渀最㸀猀瀀漀渀猀漀爀猀 氀椀渀欀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀琀甀渀椀渀最 㘀㌀⸀爀甀⼀∀㸀︀ 㰀⼀愀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀  㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀爀攀最椀漀渀琀攀栀猀渀愀戀⸀爀甀⼀∀㸀︀ 㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀猀琀爀漀渀最㸀㰀⼀戀漀搀礀㸀㰀⼀栀琀洀氀㸀